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    Test your Knowledge

[Click on the yellow pointers to reveal the answers]

  • open section What was the name of Germany’s ruler, 1888-1918?
    • Wilhelm II
  • open section What was the title of Germany’s national anthem and what does it mean?
    • Deutschland über Alles – Germany above all
  • open section What is Nationalism?
    • The strong belief that your country is better than others
  • open section What was Panslavism?
    • The nationalism of the Slav peoples of the Balkans
  • open section What happened at the Treaty of San Stefano in 1878?
    • Serbia became an independent country
  • open section What did Kaiser Wilhelm say in 1901 that he wanted for Germany?
    • ‘A place in the sun’
  • open section What is imperialism
    • The desire to build an empire.
  • open section How much of the globe did the British Empire cover in 1900
    • One fifth of the land surface; it was the empire ‘on which the sun never set’.
  • open section What was Britain’s ambition in Africa
    • An empire ‘from Cairo to Cape Town’.
  • open section Where and when did French and British colonial ambitions clash
    • At Fashoda in the Sudan, 1989.
  • open section What is militarism
    • The control of government by military aims, and the desire to build up a strong military power.
  • open section How big was the German army in 1914
    • 2.2 million
  • open section How many men (including reservists) could Germany call up if there was a war
    • 8.5 million
  • open section How many warships did Great Britain have in 1914
    • 185
  • open section Whose army was growing fastest
    • Russia – 1.2 million men in 1914
  • open section Why did politicians try to build up huge armed forces and military alliances
    • To preserve the ‘Balance of Power’ – which they thought kept the peace.
  • open section Who was the German Army Chief of Staff in 1914?
    • Von Moltke
  • open section What did the Moltke believe about war, and why
    • He said: ‘I believe war is unavoidable; war the sooner the better’.   This was because, although Germany had the biggest and best army in the world, the Germans believed that Russia’s army was catching up quickly.
  • open section What was the Dual Alliance
    • Germany and Austria, 1879
  • open section What was the Triple Alliance
    • Germany, Austria and Italy, 1882.
  • open section What was the Triple Entente
    • A ‘friendly relationship’ of France and Britain, 1904 (joined by Russia in 1907)
  • open section Which country did Britain make a naval agreement with and why
    • Japan, 1902 – so Britain did not need to worry so much about her naval power in the Pacific.
  • open section Who was the ‘sick man of Europe’
    • Turkey
  • open section Who was Otto von Bismarck
    • He had been the shrewd Chancellor of Germany, but Wilhelm sacked him in 1890 – after which Wilhelm controlled foreign affairs much less carefully.
  • open section When had Italy become a united country
    • 1866
  • open section Who dominated the Russian Tsar Nicholas II until 1916
    • Rasputin, the ‘mad monk’.
  • open section Which country had defeated Russia in a war
    • Japan, in 1904
  • open section What had happened to France in 1870
    • France had gone to war to try to stop Germany becoming a united country, but had been easily defeated by the Germans (in 10 weeks).
  • open section Name two nationalist French politicians who hated Germany for France’s defeat in 1870.
    • Clemenceau and Poincare.
  • open section What did Britain’s foreign policy advocate, and what does this mean
    • ‘Splendid isolation’ – keeping out of European politics.
  • open section Which British war did Kaiser Wilhelm criticise
    • The Boer War, 1899-1900.
  • open section What did the German Navy Law of 1900 say
    • Germany started to build up a navy to rival Britain’s.
  • open section What did people mean by ‘We want 8 and we won’t wait’
    • In 1906, the British people – fearing the growth of Germany’s navy – demanded that the government build 8 of the new ‘Dreadnought’ super-warships.
  • open section What provoked the First Moroccan Crisis?
    • In 1906, Kaiser Wilhelm went to Morocco and guaranteed its independence (France had been hoping to take it over).
  • open section How was the first Moroccan Crisis solved
    • A Conference was held at Algeciras where Britain, France and Russia forced Wilhelm to back down.
  • open section Who was ‘mad, mad, mad as March hares’
    • This was what Kaiser Wilhelm said about the British people in an interview with the Daily Telegraph in 1908.   He was saying he supported them, but his words made the British people hate him.
  • open section What does the word ‘annex’ mean, and who annexed who in 1908
    • ‘Annex’ means to take over the government of a state, and Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia from Turkey in 1908.
  • open section What provoked the Second Moroccan Crisis
    • In 1911, the Kaiser sent the German gunboat Panther into Agadir harbour, in Morocco.  
  • open section How was the Second Moroccan crisis solved
    • Britain and France forced Germany to back down.
  • open section What was the Balkan League
    • The alliance of Balkan states (Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria) which in 1912 went to war with Turkey and drove Turkey out of Europe (First Balkan War, 1912) – then they promptly started fighting amongst themselves (Second Balkan War, 1913)
  • open section How was the Second Balkan War ended
    • Germany and Britain united and used their influence to forced them to stop fighting (Treaty of Bucharest, 1913)
  • open section When was Archduke Franz Ferdinand shot
    • Sunday, 28 June 1914
  • open section Name the six assassins who were waiting for Franz Ferdinand along the Appel Quay.   Who actually tried to kill him
    • Mehmedbasic, Cubrilovic, Nedeljko Cabrinovic (threw a bomb), Popovic, Gavrilo Princip (shot him), Grabez.
  • open section What was the name of the Serbian terrorist group
    • Union or Death (nicknamed the `Black Hand')
  • open section What was the name of the Austrian governor of Sarajevo?
    • Potiorek
  • open section What was the ‘polyglot empire’?
    • Austria-Hungary – an empire with many different languages.
  • open section Who was General Hotzendorff and why was he important
    • The Austrian Army Chief-of-Staff – he saw the assassination as a chance to ‘get’ Serbia.
  • open section What was the ‘blank cheque’
    • The promise, given by Germany to Austria on 5 July 1914, that Germany would support Austria whatever she did.
  • open section What is an Ultimatum
    • A list of demands, with a threat of war if they are not met.
  • open section When was the Austrian ultimatum to Serbia
    • 23 July 1914
  • open section Which point of Austria’s ultimatum did Serbia reject and why
    • Point 6 – the demand to send Austrian police into Serbia – because it was against the Serbian constitution.
  • open section What did Tsar Nicholas II think of the Austrian declaration of war
    • He said: ‘An unjust war has been declared on a weak country’.
  • open section Why was it significant that Nicholas ordered a ‘general mobilisation’
    • At first, Nicholas wanted a partial mobilisation (just against Austria), but he was told this was impossible, so he had to order a general mobilisation (against Austria and Germany) – he sent a telegram to Wilhelm assuring him that the mobilisation was not against Germany.
  • open section What was the name of Germany’s military plan and why
    • The Schlieffen Plan, because it was written by the German Army Chief of Staff Alfred von Schlieffen.
  • open section Why was the Schlieffen Plan going wrong in August 1914
    • Because it relied on defeated France before Russia was ready for war; instead Russia was mobilising and France wasn’t yet at war with Germany.
  • open section What did Bethmann-Hollweg ask Moltke and what was the reply
    • ‘Is the Fatherland in danger?’ Moltke replied: ‘Yes’
  • open section Why did Germany declare war on France
    • The Germans claimed that French planes had bombed Nuremberg.
  • open section Why did Britain declare war on Germany
    • Because German troops invaded Belgium – Britain was obliged to defend Belgium by a treaty of 1839.
  • open section What did Bethmann-Hollweg call the Anglo-Belgian treaty of 1839
    • He said: ‘For a scrap of paper, Great Britain is going to make war?’
  • open section When did Britain declare war on Germany
    • 11pm (midnight in Germany) of 4 August 1914.

 


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